Functional Grammar: 10th Class English

Functional Grammar

Parts of Speech:

1 .Noun 2. Pronoun 3. Adjective 4. Verb 5. Adverb 6. Preposition 7. Conjunction 8. Interjection

Noun:Noun is the name of a person, place or thing.

Types of Noun

1.Common noun: Name of common or a non-specific person, thing or place.

For example: Woman, Garden, Road, Bus etc.

2.Proper Noun: The special name of a person, place or thing.

For example: Asif, Lahore, BMW Car, April etc.

3. Material Noun: The name of a substance or a material from which other things are made.

For example: Wood, Gold, Cotton, Iron etc.

4. Collective Noun: The name of a group or Collection of Persons, places or things.

For example: Army, Nation, Class, Flock etc.

5. Abstract Noun: The name of an idea or quality.

For example: Honesty, Policy, Love, Beauty, Courage etc.

Pronoun

The word that stands in place of a noun is called pronoun.

There are five types of pronoun.

1.     Personal Pronouns(I, me, we, us, you, he, she, it, they, him, her, them)

2.     Possessive Pronouns (my, mine, our, ours, you, yours, his, their, theirs)

3.     Reflexive Pronouns (myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves)

4.     Relative Pronouns (who, whom, whose, which, that)

5.       Demonstrative Pronouns(this, these, that, those, none, neither)

6.       Reciprocal Pronouns (each other, one another)

Conjunction

Conjunction is word that connects words, phrases, clauses or sentences.

There are three types of conjunction

1.     Coordinating Conjunction (and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet)

2.     Subordinate Conjunction (although, because, if, before, after, while, since)

3.     Correlative Conjunction (either... or, neither…nor, both… and, whether…or)

Sentence

A group of words which expresses a complete idea or thought.

There are four kinds of sentence

1.     Simple Sentence: It consists of only one independent clause. For example: He laughed. She ate an apple.

2.     Compound Sentence: It consists of at least two independent clauses. For example: I like an apple but my brother likes a mango.

3.     Complex Sentence: It consists of one independent clause and at leastone dependent clause. For example: I met the boy who had helped me.

4.     Complex-compound Sentence: Itconsists of at least two independents and one or more dependent clauses. For example: He went to college and I went to a market where I bought a book.

Adverb

The word that adds something to the meaning and performance of the verb is called adverb.

For example: Move fast, come soon, often come, write neatly, actively, easily, beautifully etc,

Categories of Adverb

1.     Adverb of manner (loudly, slowly, correctly, fast, easily, carefully)

2.     Adverb of place ( here, there, outside, upstairs, ne
ar the wall )

3.     Adverb of time ( tomorrow, yesterday, now, still, early in the morning)

4.     Adverb of frequency ( daily, never, always, seldom, monthly )

Gerund: A noun formed from a verb, in English ending in-ing.

For example: Smoking is injurious to health. Bleeding, checking, washing, using etc.

Infinitive: The basic uninflected form of a verb. To clean, to keep, to remove, to attend etc.